Greater Noida No magic pill has emerged yet, but three vaccines for certain types of skin and lung cancer have reached late-stage clinical trials.
Curing cancer – which is second only to cardiovascular diseases in terms of contribution to the global burden of disease – has long been a dream.
Although there is no magic bullet in sight yet, three vaccines for particular skin and lung cancer types have reached the final stages of clinical trials in recent months. If successful, these vaccines could lead to the next three Should be available to patients in 11 years. Unlike vaccines that prevent diseases, these are intended to cure or prevent them from occurring again.Cancer varies from person to person because the cells of each cancerous tumor have different sets of genetic mutations. Recognizing this, the two vaccines have been individualized and specially designed for each patient. Oncologists working with pharmaceutical companies have developed these personalized neoantigen treatments.
A vaccine typically works by training our body's immune cells to recognize antigens – proteins from pathogens such as viruses – to protect against future attacks of the pathogen. Cancer, however, has no external pathogen.Cancer tumor cells constantly undergo mutations, some of which help them grow much faster than normal cells while others help them evade the body's natural immune system. Mutated proteins in cancer cells are called 'neoantigens'.
In personalized neoantigen therapy, the gene sequences of tumor and normal blood cells are compared to identify neoantigens from each patient, and then the subset of neoantigens that are most likely to induce an immune response is selected.
The vaccine targets this selected subgroup of neoantigens for an individual patient. These vaccines, jointly developed by pharma giants Moderna and Merck, have, in trials conducted so far, been effective against both melanoma – a type of skin cancer – and non- In combination with immunotherapy they have been found to be significantly more effective than immunotherapy alone in preventing recurrence.Cell lung cancer after the tumor has been surgically removed.
Following these promising results in Phase II clinical trials, the vaccines are now being tested on a larger group of patients in Phase III trials. The study is expected to be completed by 2030 for melanoma and by 2035 for lung cancer.
The Moderna-Merck cancer vaccine may not be the first to reach the market. French company OSE ImmunoTherapeutics last September published positive results from Phase III clinical trials of a vaccine using a different approach for advanced non-small cell lung cancer.Its vaccine, Tedopi, is scheduled to begin confirmatory trials later this year – the final step before regulatory approval and could be available by 2027.
Vaccines being developed by BioNTech and Genentech for pancreatic cancer and by Gritstone for colon cancer are also showing promising results in early stages of clinical trials. Like the vaccines being developed by Moderna and Merck, these are also personalized neoantigen therapies based on messenger RNA (mRNA).
Another type of RNA therapy is also under development that uses small interfering RNA (siRNA) and microRNA (miRNA). Since 2018, six siRNA-base therapies have been approved by the US Food and Drug Administration to treat nerve, skin, heart and kidney diseases.Many more siRNA drugs are in various clinical trial stages for different types of cancer and a variety of other diseases.
Within cells, there are two types of nucleic acid molecules that contain coded information vital to life: DNA and RNA. While DNA contains genetic information, mRNA – one of the various types of RNA – carries the code for th proteins.
In addition, there are also non-coding RNAs, some of which are functionally important. siRNA and miRNA are examples of such non-coding RNAs.The RNA vaccine for personalized neoantigen therapy is a cocktail of mRNAs that carry the code for neoantigens – mutated fingerprint proteins – and cancer cells. For the Moderna-Merck study, scientists identified 3 neoantigens per patient.
They delivered a related mRNA vaccine cocktail packaged in Lipi nanoparticles, similar to the mRNA vaccines for COVID-19 developed by Moderna and Pfizer-BioNTech.
When the vaccine is given after tumor removal, it trains the immune system to recognize the neoantigen and fight the cancer that comes back. Usually, the body's natural immune system corrects the mutation and prevents you from getting cancer.However, in some cases this natural immune response is insufficient, leading to tumor growth. In personalized neoantigen therapy, these mutations in tumor cells are used to develop vaccines and to coax the immune system to fight recurrence after tumor removal. Is done to train.
Recent advances in artificial intelligence are helping to identify potent neoantigens and administer personalized therapies. First, gene sequencing of a patient's tumor and normal blood cells and their comparison generates large amounts of data.
In such 'buy data', AI is used to detect genetic mutations in a patient's cancer.Furthermore, personalized medicine requires timely production and delivery of vaccines that are individual to each patient. AI is also useful in managing such data.
The personalized nature of the treatment is probably why it has been more effective in trials than previous, unsuccessful RNA vaccine candidates. However, this personalization is also likely to pose challenges to timely cost-effective treatment delivery to populations around the world.
siRNA and miRNA treatments work in the opposite way to mRNA.While each mRNA in a vaccine carries the code to produce a protein from a pathogen (antigen) or tumor (neoantigen) to train our immune system against future attacks by that pathogen or tumor, siRNA directly binds to the antigen or neoantigen. Targets the mRNA and depletes it. Thus, the effect of siRNA is more direct and immediate (like a drug) rather than protecting against future attacks (like a vaccine). .
Discovered at the turn of this millennium, siRNA-based therapeutics attracted immediate attention, but their initial success was limited due to their inherent low stability, difficulties in delivering them to desired locations, and rapid clearance from the bloodstream.
However, in recent years, siRNA therapies have been promoted through chemical modifications, increasing their stability and ability to deliver to specific locations such as tumors, and improved delivery systems such as lipophilic nanoparticle encapsulation.These improvements have led to the recent FDA approval of siRNA-based therapies and promising reports of progress in the treatment of disease, including one type of liver cancer. (360info.org) PY
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Curing cancer – which is second only to cardiovascular diseases in terms of contribution to the global burden of disease – has long been a dream.
Although there is no magic bullet in sight yet, three vaccines for particular skin and lung cancer types have reached the final stages of clinical trials in recent months. If successful, these vaccines could lead to the next three Should be available to patients in 11 years. Unlike vaccines that prevent diseases, these are intended to cure or prevent them from occurring again.Cancer varies from person to person because the cells of each cancerous tumor have different sets of genetic mutations. Recognizing this, the two vaccines have been individualized and specially designed for each patient. Oncologists working with pharmaceutical companies have developed these personalized neoantigen treatments.
A vaccine typically works by training our body's immune cells to recognize antigens – proteins from pathogens such as viruses – to protect against future attacks of the pathogen. Cancer, however, has no external pathogen.Cancer tumor cells constantly undergo mutations, some of which help them grow much faster than normal cells while others help them evade the body's natural immune system. Mutated proteins in cancer cells are called 'neoantigens'.
In personalized neoantigen therapy, the gene sequences of tumor and normal blood cells are compared to identify neoantigens from each patient, and then the subset of neoantigens that are most likely to induce an immune response is selected.
The vaccine targets this selected subgroup of neoantigens for an individual patient. These vaccines, jointly developed by pharma giants Moderna and Merck, have, in trials conducted so far, been effective against both melanoma – a type of skin cancer – and non- In combination with immunotherapy they have been found to be significantly more effective than immunotherapy alone in preventing recurrence.Cell lung cancer after the tumor has been surgically removed.
Following these promising results in Phase II clinical trials, the vaccines are now being tested on a larger group of patients in Phase III trials. The study is expected to be completed by 2030 for melanoma and by 2035 for lung cancer.
The Moderna-Merck cancer vaccine may not be the first to reach the market. French company OSE ImmunoTherapeutics last September published positive results from Phase III clinical trials of a vaccine using a different approach for advanced non-small cell lung cancer.Its vaccine, Tedopi, is scheduled to begin confirmatory trials later this year – the final step before regulatory approval and could be available by 2027.
Vaccines being developed by BioNTech and Genentech for pancreatic cancer and by Gritstone for colon cancer are also showing promising results in early stages of clinical trials. Like the vaccines being developed by Moderna and Merck, these are also personalized neoantigen therapies based on messenger RNA (mRNA).
Another type of RNA therapy is also under development that uses small interfering RNA (siRNA) and microRNA (miRNA). Since 2018, six siRNA-base therapies have been approved by the US Food and Drug Administration to treat nerve, skin, heart and kidney diseases.Many more siRNA drugs are in various clinical trial stages for different types of cancer and a variety of other diseases.
Within cells, there are two types of nucleic acid molecules that contain coded information vital to life: DNA and RNA. While DNA contains genetic information, mRNA – one of the various types of RNA – carries the code for th proteins.
In addition, there are also non-coding RNAs, some of which are functionally important. siRNA and miRNA are examples of such non-coding RNAs.The RNA vaccine for personalized neoantigen therapy is a cocktail of mRNAs that carry the code for neoantigens – mutated fingerprint proteins – and cancer cells. For the Moderna-Merck study, scientists identified 3 neoantigens per patient.
They delivered a related mRNA vaccine cocktail packaged in Lipi nanoparticles, similar to the mRNA vaccines for COVID-19 developed by Moderna and Pfizer-BioNTech.
When the vaccine is given after tumor removal, it trains the immune system to recognize the neoantigen and fight the cancer that comes back. Usually, the body's natural immune system corrects the mutation and prevents you from getting cancer.However, in some cases this natural immune response is insufficient, leading to tumor growth. In personalized neoantigen therapy, these mutations in tumor cells are used to develop vaccines and to coax the immune system to fight recurrence after tumor removal. Is done to train.
Recent advances in artificial intelligence are helping to identify potent neoantigens and administer personalized therapies. First, gene sequencing of a patient's tumor and normal blood cells and their comparison generates large amounts of data.
In such 'buy data', AI is used to detect genetic mutations in a patient's cancer.Furthermore, personalized medicine requires timely production and delivery of vaccines that are individual to each patient. AI is also useful in managing such data.
The personalized nature of the treatment is probably why it has been more effective in trials than previous, unsuccessful RNA vaccine candidates. However, this personalization is also likely to pose challenges to timely cost-effective treatment delivery to populations around the world.
siRNA and miRNA treatments work in the opposite way to mRNA.While each mRNA in a vaccine carries the code to produce a protein from a pathogen (antigen) or tumor (neoantigen) to train our immune system against future attacks by that pathogen or tumor, siRNA directly binds to the antigen or neoantigen. Targets the mRNA and depletes it. Thus, the effect of siRNA is more direct and immediate (like a drug) rather than protecting against future attacks (like a vaccine). .
Discovered at the turn of this millennium, siRNA-based therapeutics attracted immediate attention, but their initial success was limited due to their inherent low stability, difficulties in delivering them to desired locations, and rapid clearance from the bloodstream.
However, in recent years, siRNA therapies have been promoted through chemical modifications, increasing their stability and ability to deliver to specific locations such as tumors, and improved delivery systems such as lipophilic nanoparticle encapsulation.These improvements have led to the recent FDA approval of siRNA-based therapies and promising reports of progress in the treatment of disease, including one type of liver cancer. (360info.org) PY
PY
